Technology guideALI-PDO guide
ALI-PDO guide: principles & study design
A practical guide to ALI-PDO principles, applications, sample requirements, assay design and project planning.
Technical map
Study drug response in its tissue and immune context
Combine histology, immune profiling and functional assays to examine tissue and cellular changes after treatment and help interpret candidate responses. Baseline QC defines measurable components and the culture observation window.
Air–liquid interface culture
Tissue, immune, functional & molecular
Model selection
Select and combine models around the mechanism
PDO 1.0 and PDO 2.0 can be used sequentially or in parallel within one project, combining epithelial drug-response data with tissue, immune and spatial context. Our scientists tailor the design to the sample, mechanism and study endpoints.
Scroll the table sideways to compare both culture systems.
| Dimension | PDO 1.0 | PDO 2.0 / ALI |
|---|---|---|
| Primary focus | Tumor epithelial biology and drug activity | Tissue architecture, measurable sample-associated immune signals and response |
| Typical use | Epithelial phenotype, target and standardized activity comparison | Immunotherapy, antibody/TCE, ADC distribution and mechanism work |
| Common readouts | Bright-field, viability, molecular and target assays | H&E, IHC/IF, flow, cytokine, functional and molecular assays |
| Combined value | Provides a clear epithelial drug-response view | Adds tissue, immune and spatial context within a study window defined by the sample baseline |
ALI MODEL & ASSAY READOUTS
Read ALI studies through model images and multidimensional readouts
Tissue imaging and flow readouts connect model identity, measurable immune-related signals and treatment response to sample baseline, culture conditions and study endpoints.
View imageModel context: source tissue and PDO culture time points are shown together to compare tumor-epithelial and CD3-positive immune-cell signals before treatment design.
TRiCBIO ccRCC PDO 2.0 immune-context study data
View imageTreatment context: imaging with and without IL-2 shows tissue and cellular changes under an immune-stimulation condition within the same study.
TRiCBIO ccRCC PDO 2.0 immune-context study data
View imageFunctional readouts: immune-associated cell phenotypes are interpreted alongside early-apoptosis and necrosis measurements after treatment in a multi-endpoint study.
TRiCBIO ccRCC PDO 2.0 immune-context study dataStudy process
From model selection to data, images and a clear study report
Sample & study goal
Confirm tissue source, mechanism and priority question
Model & QC
Document architecture, culture state and measurable components
Treatment
Set dose, timing, controls and combinations
Integrated assays
Interpret histology, flow, cytokine and functional readouts together
Results & report
Summarize key findings, applicable conditions and recommended follow-up studies
Further reading
Explore the science and plan your study
ALI tumor-immune organoid research
Read the Cell 2018 methods and key figures on tissue architecture and tumor-immune studies.
Explore the Cell study ↗PDO 2.0 TME studies
Explore tissue imaging, T-cell profiling and treatment readouts from renal and lung cancer studies.
View study data ↗Models, assays and study delivery
See how model selection, experiments, interpretation and delivery fit into a project.
See the project workflow ↗Related models and services
Find relevant models and services
PROJECT DISCUSSION
Considering ALI-PDO for a specific program?
Share your project goal and available materials. Our scientists will recommend models, controls, assays and a practical first study.